GRAMMAR
Aku mau berbagi nih catatan Bahasa Inggris. Aku sejak pertama dan sekali sekalinya les grammar selama setahun kira kira sekitar 13 th yg lalu. Singkat sih, dan dasar banget tapi kata temen aku kita emang cuma perlu belajar yang dasar aja, setelah itu elaborate sendiri. Ini catatan yg jadi pegangan sampe aku lulus kuliah, berguna dan mudah dimengerti hehe… semoga berguna……. :D
Oh yaa… kalau mau ngelancarin pronounce (lafal biar lidahnya nggak keseleo trus bisa dikit2 kaya bule) dan memperkaya vocab, sering2 denger lagu Bahasa Inggris yang easy listening sambil dinyanyiin, ya kaya lagunya westlife jaman dulu.
Aku mau berbagi nih catatan Bahasa Inggris. Aku sejak pertama dan sekali sekalinya les grammar selama setahun kira kira sekitar 13 th yg lalu. Singkat sih, dan dasar banget tapi kata temen aku kita emang cuma perlu belajar yang dasar aja, setelah itu elaborate sendiri. Ini catatan yg jadi pegangan sampe aku lulus kuliah, berguna dan mudah dimengerti hehe… semoga berguna……. :D
Oh yaa… kalau mau ngelancarin pronounce (lafal biar lidahnya nggak keseleo trus bisa dikit2 kaya bule) dan memperkaya vocab, sering2 denger lagu Bahasa Inggris yang easy listening sambil dinyanyiin, ya kaya lagunya westlife jaman dulu.
A. Present Tense
A.1 Simple Present Tense (saat ini/kebiasaan)
• Kata bantu untuk subject category “A” adalah “do” ( digunakan pada kalimat negative (-) dan interogative (?) )
• Kata bantu untuk subject category “B” adalah “does” ( digunakan pada kalimat negative (-) dan interogative (?) )
• Kalimat positive pada kategory “B”, selalu ditambah s/es setelah verb (kata kerja)
Example:
A : (+) I work fulltime during weekdays
(-) I do not work fulltime during weekdays
(?) Do you work fulltime during weekdays?
B : (+) He works fulltime during weekdays
(-) He does not work fulltime during weekdays
(?) Does he work fulltime during weekdays?
A.2 Simple Present Continuous Tense ( sedang terjadi)
• Verb pada Simple Present Continuous Tense selalu ditambah –ing
• To be digunakan setelah subject, to be bisa dilihat di table pada kolom “to be present”
Example:
A : (+) You are watching TV
(-) You are not watching TV
(?) Are you watching TV?
B : {+) She is watching TV
(-) She is not watching TV
(?) Is she watching TV?
C : {+) I am watching TV
(-) I am not watching TV
(?) Am I watching TV?
A.3 Present Perfect Tense (sudah selesai dilakukan)
• Kata bantu yang digunakan lihat di tabel kolom “perfect tense”
• Pada present tense jenis ini, gunakan verb-3
• Pola dasar kalimatnya sendiri “subject+kata bantu+verb3”
Example:
(+) She has gone to school
(-) She has not gone to school
(?) Has she gone to school?
A.4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense (sudah terjadi dan masih berlangsung)
• Kata bantu yang digunakan lehat di tabel kolom “perfect tense”
• Ditambah “been” setelah kata bantu have/has
• Tambahkan –ing setelah verb
A.1 Simple Present Tense (saat ini/kebiasaan)
• Kata bantu untuk subject category “A” adalah “do” ( digunakan pada kalimat negative (-) dan interogative (?) )
• Kata bantu untuk subject category “B” adalah “does” ( digunakan pada kalimat negative (-) dan interogative (?) )
• Kalimat positive pada kategory “B”, selalu ditambah s/es setelah verb (kata kerja)
Example:
A : (+) I work fulltime during weekdays
(-) I do not work fulltime during weekdays
(?) Do you work fulltime during weekdays?
B : (+) He works fulltime during weekdays
(-) He does not work fulltime during weekdays
(?) Does he work fulltime during weekdays?
A.2 Simple Present Continuous Tense ( sedang terjadi)
• Verb pada Simple Present Continuous Tense selalu ditambah –ing
• To be digunakan setelah subject, to be bisa dilihat di table pada kolom “to be present”
Example:
A : (+) You are watching TV
(-) You are not watching TV
(?) Are you watching TV?
B : {+) She is watching TV
(-) She is not watching TV
(?) Is she watching TV?
C : {+) I am watching TV
(-) I am not watching TV
(?) Am I watching TV?
A.3 Present Perfect Tense (sudah selesai dilakukan)
• Kata bantu yang digunakan lihat di tabel kolom “perfect tense”
• Pada present tense jenis ini, gunakan verb-3
• Pola dasar kalimatnya sendiri “subject+kata bantu+verb3”
Example:
(+) She has gone to school
(-) She has not gone to school
(?) Has she gone to school?
A.4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense (sudah terjadi dan masih berlangsung)
• Kata bantu yang digunakan lehat di tabel kolom “perfect tense”
• Ditambah “been” setelah kata bantu have/has
• Tambahkan –ing setelah verb
Example:
(+) We have been waiting here for two hours
(-) We have not been waiting here for two hours
(?) Have we been waiting here for two hours?
B. Past Tense
B.1 Simple Past Tense (lampau)
• Kalimat posotive dalam simple past tense menggunakan verb-2
• Ada verb yang beraturan, ada yang tidak (verb yang tidak beraturan bisa dilihat di kamus kamus B. Inggris atau biasanya tersedia di toko buku, atau yang lebih mudah bisa browsing di internet.
• Verb yang beraturan hanya perlu ditambah”-ed” pada bentuk lampau (Verb-2 dan verb-3)
Example:
Verb beraturan: (+) I worked all days last week
(-) I did not work all days last week
(?) Did you work all days last week?
Verb tidak beraturan: (+) They saw me last night
(-) They did not see me last nigh
(?) Did they see me last night?
B.2 Past Continuous Tense ( lampau dan sedang berlangsung saat itu)
• Verb pada Past Continuous Tense selalu ditambah –ing
• To be digunakan setelah subject, to be bisa dilihat di table pada kolom “to be past”
Example:
{+) I was reading
(-) I was not reading
(?) Were you reading?
B.3 Past Perfect Tense (lampau dan sudah selesai dilakukan)
• Kata bantu yang digunakan adalah “had” pada semua subjects
• Pada present tense jenis ini, gunakan verb-3
• Pola dasar kalimatnya sendiri “subject+kata bantu+verb3”
Example:
(+) She had come when I was there
(-)She had not come when I was there
(?) Had she come when I was there?
B.4 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• Kata bantu yang digunakan adalah “had” pada semua subjects
• Ditambah “been” setelah kata bantu have/has
• Tambahkan –ing setelah verb
Example:
(+) She had been waiting when you came
(-) She had not been waiting when you came
(?) Had she been waiting when you came?
C. Future Tense
C.1 Future Tense (akan terjadi)
• Tambahkan “will” setelah subject
Example:
(+) I will go
(-) I will not go
(?) will you go?
Untuk hal yang pasti akan dilakukan bisa gunakan to be going to atau disingkat to be gonna
(+) I am going to go
(-) I am not going to go
(?) Are you going to go?
C.2 Future Continuous Tense ( akan sedang berlangsung)
• Verb pada Future Continuous Tense selalu ditambah –ing
• Tambahkan “will” setelah subject Tambahkan “will + be” setelah subject
Example:
{+) She will be missing you
(-) She will not be missing you
(?) Will she be missing you?
C.3 Future Perfect Tense
• Tambahkan “will + have” setelah subject
• Pada present tense jenis ini, gunakan verb-3
• Pola dasar kalimatnya sendiri “subject+will+have+verb3”
Example:
(+) He will have finished it tomorrow
(-) He will not have finished it tomorrow
(?) Will he have finished it tomorrow?
C.4 Future Perfect Continuous Tense
• Kata bantu yang digunakan adalah “will+have” pada semua subjects
• Ditambah “been” setelah kata bantu have
• Tambahkan –ing setelah verb
Example:
(+) I will have been studying when you come
(-) I will not have been studying when you come
(?) Will you have been studying when I come?
Question Tag (penegasan …….., kan?)
• Kalimat ditegaskan dengan tense yang berlawanan.
Example:
- You do not write it, do you? (kamu nggak nulis kan??)
- She works hard, doesn’t she? (dia kerja keras kan??)
- I am not reading, am I?
Pengecualian:
I am doing my job, aren’t I?
(to be di ganti dengan are untuk subject I dalam kalimat positive dan ditegaskan dengan kalimat negative)
Adj Clause
• That -> kata sambung untuk semua
• Who -> kata sambung untuk subject
• Whom -> kata sambung untuk object
• Whose -> kata sambung untuk kepemilikan
• Which -> kata sambung untuk benda
Example:
I saw the man, he bought a newspaper = I saw the man who bought a newspaper
I like the woman, I met her last night = I like the woman whom I met last night
I apologize to the woman, I spilled her coffee =I aplogize to the woman whose coffee I spilled
The book is good, I have read it = The book which I have read is good
Direct and Indirect Speech (kalimat langsung dan tak langsung)
Untuk direct – indirect speech, aku agak bingung ngejelasinnya. Jadi yukk.. kita lihat contoh aja langsung…
Kuncinya, tenses direct yang diubah ke indirect speech naik satu tingkat (present jadi past, past jadi past perfect dalam indirect tidak berlaku perfect tense)
Example:
D : “I buy a book” she said
I : She said that she bought a book
D : “I bought a book yesterday” she said
I : She said she had bought a book the day before
D : “I have bought a book” she said
I : She said she had bought a book
D : “Please buy a book” she said
I : She told me to buy a book
D : Don’t buy a book!” she said
I : She told me to buy a book
D : Don’t buy a book!” she said
I : She told me to buy a book
D : “Do you buy a book?” she asked
I : She asked if/whether I bought a book
D : “What book did you buy?” she asked
I : She wanted to know what book I had bought
Conditional IF (pengandaian)
A. Type I
Kepastian/bisa jadi nyata (menggunakan present tense)
Example:
If I have time, I’ll go to your party
B. Type II
Tidak mungkin terjadi saat itu (menggunakan tense lampau)
- If + (past tense), subject + would/could + verb
- Subject + would/could + verb, If + (past tense)
I : She asked if/whether I bought a book
D : “What book did you buy?” she asked
I : She wanted to know what book I had bought
Conditional IF (pengandaian)
A. Type I
Kepastian/bisa jadi nyata (menggunakan present tense)
Example:
If I have time, I’ll go to your party
B. Type II
Tidak mungkin terjadi saat itu (menggunakan tense lampau)
- If + (past tense), subject + would/could + verb
- Subject + would/could + verb, If + (past tense)
Example:
If I had the qualification, I would appy for the job
The fact that I don’t have the qualification so it is useless fo me to apply for the job
If I were a president, I would use my prerogative to against RUU pornography ……….. (hehe)
The fact that I am not a president so I have no that kinda right
NB : tidak dikenal “was”, selalu gunakan “were” untuk semua subjects.
Active and Passive voice
Perubahan kalimat active dan passive berpengaruh pada perubahan fungsi object dan subject serta penggunaan –to be- yang berpengaruh pada kata kerja. Perubahan tersebut tidak merubah bentuk tense dari kalimat awal (e.g lampau tetap lampau). Kalimat passive selalu mengguakan verb 3.
Contoh:
A: Diana buys the white shoes
P: The white shoes are bought by Diana
A: Daddy is repairing my computer
P: my computer is being repaired by Daddy
(penggunaan being untuk continuous tense - sedang terjadi)
A: John did my homework
P: my homework was done by John
(penggunaan -to be- lampau ”was” karna kalimat active dalam bentuk lampau past tense)
A: Ann will paint my house
P: My house will be painted by Ann
A: Mom has washed the plates
P: The plates have been washed by Mom
